英文課程
 
 
Lesson 29 : Clause
 

§ Clause

有一類英文句子稱為「複雜句」Complex Sentence。
什麼是複雜句?複雜句中的基本成份或修飾語不是單詞或短語,
而是整個句子。
         
在複雜句中,有一個句子結構是整句的主要結構,稱為「主要子句」
或「主句」Main Clause;其他句子結構稱為「從屬子句」或「從句」
Subordinate Clause。
根據從句的不同作用,從句可分三種:
         
(1) 名詞從句 Noun Clause ──從句當作名詞來用;
(2) 形容詞從句 Adjective Clause ──從句當作形容詞來用;
(3) 副詞從句 Adverb Clause ──從句當作副詞來用。
現在先分別對三種從句作初步介紹,後面各課再作詳細講解。
A. 名詞從句
         
例如:
         
  That the earth is round is true.
  * "----- is true" 是主句。

  * "That the earth is round" 是從句。因為當作名詞來用,所以是
    名詞從句。

  * 利用 "That" 這個字詞把 "the earth is round" 附屬於主句身上,
    因此"That" 稱為「從屬連詞」Subordinate Conjunction。

  * 由於 "That the earth is round" 是一件事件,因此它是:
    1.單數;2.第三身;3.中性;4.主格。
改為疑問句:
         
  Is that the earth is round true?
  Yes, that the earth is round is true.
  No, that the earth is round is not true.
  I know that Mary is your sister.
  * 如果 Noun Clause 作主語,則必須保留 "that";
    如果 Noun Clause 作賓語,則可把 "that"隱藏。即可寫成:
    I know Mary is your sister.
B. 形容詞從句
         
例如:
         
  The boy who is lazy will surely fail.
  ﹝那個懶惰的男孩將來肯定失敗。﹞
  * "The boy will surely fail" 是主句。
         
  * "who is lazy" 是從句。因為當作形容詞來用,所以是形容詞從句。
         
  * "who" 使從句與主句發生聯繫,稱為「關係代名詞」。
         
  * "boy" 是 "who" 的「先行詞」 Antecedent。
         
  * 關係代名詞的身和數以先行詞為標準,即 "who" 的身和數由
   "boy" 來決定。  
    The student who studies hard will surely succeed.

  I know the girl who swims in the river. 
      
改為疑問句: 

  Do you know the girl who swims in the river? 
  Yes, I know the girl who swims in the river. 
  No, I don't know the girl who swims in the river. 
                            
C. 副詞從句
         
例如:
         
  If you add five to five, you get ten.

  * "you get ten" 是主句。

  * "If you add five to five" 是從句。因為當作副詞來用,
    所以是副詞從句。

  * 利用 "If" 把 "you add five to five" 附屬於主句身上,因此
    "If" 稱為「從屬連詞」Subordinate Conjunction。
  Though he is tired, he walks very fast.

  * "Though he is tired" 修飾 "walks" 的情況。 
      
  I liked swimming very much when I was young.

  * "when"稱為「連接副詞」Conjunctive Adverb,把 "I was young" 
    附加到主句身上。  

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