§ Passive
Voice
英文動詞有主動語態 Active Voice 和被動語態 Passive Voice
之分。
如果主語是動作或狀態的「發出者」，動詞就用主動語態；如果主語
是動作或狀態的「承受者」，動詞就用被動語態。
例如：
1. John encouraged Mary.﹝約翰鼓勵瑪莉。﹞
2. Mary was encouraged by John.﹝瑪莉受到約翰鼓勵。﹞
※ 第一句的動詞 "encouraged" 是主動語態；第二句的動詞
"was encouraged"是被動語態。
動詞的被動語態的總形態是：
BE + 動詞的過去分詞
動詞由主動語態變為被動語態的步驟：
1. 將賓語變為主語；
2. 根據新主語的身和數，並考慮時態，然後決定 "BE" 的形態；
3. 將舊主語放在 "by" 之後構成介詞短語。
1. Simple Present Tense
主動語態： I teach him.
被動語態： He is taught by me.
2. Present Continuous Tense
主動語態： I am teaching him.
被動語態： He is being taught by me.
3. Present Perfect Tense
主動語態： I have taught him.
被動語態： He has been taught by me.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
主動語態： I have been teaching him for a week.
被動語態： 缺
5. Simple Past Tense
主動語態： I taught him yesterday.
被動語態： He was taught by me yesterday.
6. Past Continuous Tense
主動語態： I was teaching him when you came.
被動語態： He was being taught by me when you came.
7. Past Perfect Tense
主動語態： I had taught him before you came.
被動語態： He had been taught by me before you came.
8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
主動語態： I had been teaching him an hour before you came.
被動語態： 缺
9. Simple Future Tense
主動語態： I shall teach him tomorrow.
被動語態： He will be taught by me tomorrow.
10. Future Continuous Tense
主動語態： I shall be teaching him when you come.
被動語態： 缺
11. Future Perfect Tense
主動語態： I shall have taught him before the sun sets.
被動語態： He will have been taught by me before the sun sets.
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
主動語態： I shall have been teaching him for an hour before
the sun sets.
被動語態： 缺
其他例子
主動語態： I am looking for you.
被動語態： You are being looked for by me.
* "look" 不及物動詞，加 "for" 成及物， "look for" 解作「找尋」。
主動語態： I sleep.﹝正確﹞
被動語態： I am slept.﹝錯誤﹞
* 不及物動詞沒有被動語態。
主動語態： We must do it now.
被動語態： It must be done ( by us ) now.
※ 如果句子中有這類助動詞，那麼動詞的被動語態的形態是：
助動詞 + BE + 動詞的過去分詞
※ 在不引起誤解的情況下， "by us" 有時可省去。
主動語態： You can do it now.
被動語態： It can be done by you now.
主動語態： I gave him a book.
被動語態： He was given a book by me.
※ 如果有兩個賓語，通常代表人的間接賓語變為主語，另一個保留
不動，稱為「保留賓語」Retained Object。
※ 不過，也可以把直接賓語變為主語。
主動語態： I gave him a book.
被動語態： A book was given him by me.
§ 使用被動語態的一般因由
1. 不易說出動作或狀態的「發出者」
例如：
This building was completed in 1980.
* 由誰建成，不易說出。
2. 不便說出動作或狀態的「發出者」
例如：
The meeting has been postponed till Friday.
3. 動作或狀態的「承受者」比「發出者」更需強調
例如：
A press conference was held last night.
4. 為了修辭
例如：
The teacher loves the students and is loved by them.
練習 翻譯
1. 他被各人愛戴。
2. 俘虜被縛在那棵樹上。
3. 那個小盜已被警察拘捕了嗎？
4. 那位老師被所有學生歡迎。
5. 那匹馬昨天是否被牠的主人打過？
6. 明年今日，你的書已被印成嗎？
7. 當他起床時，那封信已被我寄了。
8. 你的練習正在被那位老師改正。
9. 他被那位醫生照顧已有半年了。
10. 昨天當我探訪他時，一件玩具正在被他製造著。
   |
