§ Present Perfect Tense

動詞的現在完成時態的形態是：

    have / has + 動詞的過去分詞

動詞的現在完成時態表示：

  (1) 已經完成但與現在仍有關聯的動作或狀態；
  (2) 過去已經開始並持續到現在的動作或狀態；
  (3) 經驗過的動作或狀態。

例如：
         
  I have written a letter now.
  ﹝我現在已寫完一封信。﹞

  I have written a letter this morning.
  ﹝我今早己寫完一封信。﹞

  * 如果說話時仍屬早上，句子是對的。

  I have written a letter this week. 
  ﹝我今個星期己寫完一封信。﹞

  * 如果說話時仍屬這個星期，句子是對的。

  I have written a letter this month. 
  ﹝我今個月己寫完一封信。﹞

  * 如果說話時仍屬這個月，句子是對的。

  I have written a letter yesterday. ﹝錯誤﹞

  * 說話時不屬於昨天，句子是錯的。

應說：I wrote a letter yesterday.﹝我昨天寫了一封信。﹞


  Has he gone?﹝他已走了嗎〈剛走了嗎〉？﹞
         
  Yes, he has gone.﹝他已走了〈剛走了〉。﹞
         
  No, he has not gone.﹝他仍未走。﹞


以下句子犯了邏輯上的錯誤：

  When has he gone?﹝他何時候剛走了？﹞ ﹝錯誤﹞

* 錯誤有：1. 文法上的錯誤Grammatical mistake
          2. 邏輯上的錯誤Logical mistake
         
既然說「剛走」，又怎能問「何時走」呢！
         
應說：When did he go?﹝他何時走了。﹞
         
He went yesterday.﹝他昨天走了。﹞
         

動詞的現在完成時態不能與 "when" 這個疑問副詞同用，
與其他疑問副詞同用則可，如：

  Where has he gone?﹝他剛到哪裏去？﹞
         
  Why has he gone?﹝他為何剛走了？﹞
         
  How has he gone?﹝他剛才怎樣走的？﹞

         
當我跟你說：
         
  I have gone.﹝我已走了。﹞﹝錯誤﹞

  You have gone.﹝你己走了。﹞﹝錯誤﹞

  He has gone.﹝他已走了。﹞﹝正確﹞

  * 頭兩句犯了邏輯上的錯誤。
         
  I have come.﹝我已來了。﹞﹝正確﹞ 
         
  You have come.﹝你已來了。﹞﹝正確﹞
         
  He has come.﹝他已來了。﹞﹝正確﹞

  Where have you been?﹝你去過哪裏？﹞

  I have been to City Hall.﹝我去過大會堂。﹞

  I have been to school.﹝我上學回來。﹞

  I have been to the school.﹝我到過學校。﹞ 
                            

  *"to school"為上課而到學校；"to the school"為其他目的而到學校。

  I have been to market.﹝我買菜回來。﹞
         
  I have been to the market.﹝我到過菜市場。﹞

  I have been to hospital.﹝我看病回來。﹞
         
  I have been to the hospital.﹝我到過醫院〈多指探病〉。﹞

有人看見你面色不好，問你：
         
  Have you been sick?
  ﹝你曾病過嗎？﹞
         
  Yes, I have been sick.
  ﹝我曾病過〈現在不病了〉。﹞
         
  Yes, I have been sick for ten days.
  ﹝我病了十日〈現在仍病〉。﹞

醫生問你：
         
  How long have you been sick?﹝你病了多久？﹞
  
  I have been sick for a month.
  ﹝我病了一個月〈現在仍病〉。﹞ 
      

  Have you been in America?﹝你到過美國嗎？﹞ 
      
  Yes, I have been in America twice.﹝我到過美國兩次。﹞ 
                      

  Have you been at Shatin?﹝你到過沙田嗎？﹞
         
  Yes, I have been at Shatin.﹝我到過沙田。﹞

  Have you seen that movie?﹝你看過那齣電影嗎？﹞

  Yes, I have seen that movie.﹝我看過那齣電影。﹞

練習

翻譯：

1. 你已吃了晚餐嗎？
2. 這個老人已開了門。
3. 自從童年時起，他已是乞丐了。
4. 你學過英文文法嗎？
5. 他已病了五天。
6. 他的妻子已探訪過那人。
7. 你的妹妹學習日文已有多久？
8. 她學習日文已有四年了。
9. 你已教導她和他嗎？
10. 我已教導他們。