§ Adjective
Clause
除了用單詞或短語來形容名詞外,還可以用從句來形容,那些從句
稱為「形容詞從句」Adjective Clause;而被形容的名詞,稱為
「先行詞」Antecedent。
例如:
We need fearless men.﹝單詞形容 "men"﹞
We need men without fear.﹝短語形容 "men"﹞
We need men who are fearless. ﹝從句形容 "men"﹞
把形容詞從句附屬到主句身上的詞有三種:
(1) 關係代名詞 Relative Pronoun
(2) 關係形容詞 Relative Adjective
(3) 關係副詞 Relative Adverb
1. 關係代名詞 Relative Pronoun
有:(1) who﹝代人﹞;(2) whom﹝代人﹞;(3) which﹝代物﹞;
(4) that﹝代人或物﹞;(5) as﹝代人或物﹞
例如:
The two men who are in that house are my uncles.
* 關係代名詞 "who" 的身和數由先行詞 "men" 決定。
This is the man who showed me the way.
There is somebody who wants you on the telephone.
﹝有人想你接聽電話。﹞
* 在 "there is" 結構後面的形容詞從句,當主語的 "who" 可隱藏,即:
There is somebody wants you on the telephone.
The girl whom you saw is her sister-in-law.
* 當關係代名詞在形容詞從句中作賓語時,可隱藏,即:
The girl you saw is her sister-in-law.
Whom do you mean? 或 Who do you mean?
I know the man whom you mean. 或
I know the man who you mean.
﹝我認識你所意指的那個人。﹞
* 可隱藏 "whom" 或 "who",即:I know the man you mean.
The woman for whom you wrote a letter yesterday is my aunt.
﹝你昨天替她寫信的婦人是我的伯母。﹞
* 當關係代名詞在形容詞從句中作介詞的代名詞時,不能隱藏。
不過,改為「變裝」後則可:
「原裝」:The woman for whom you wrote a letter yesterday is my aunt.
「變裝」:The woman whom you wrote a letter for yesterday is my aunt.
「簡裝」:The woman you wrote a letter for yesterday is my aunt.
The house which is for sale is at the end of the street.
History is a very long story which is still going on.
Do you know the time on which John went to America?
* 「原裝」:Do you know the time on which John went to America?
「變裝」:Do you know the time which John went to America on?
「簡裝」:Do you know the time John went to America on?
This is the book in which you can find the answer.
* 「原裝」:This is the book in which you can find the answer.
「變裝」:This is the book which you can find the answer in.
「簡裝」:This is the book you can find the answer in.
Can you tell me the place at which we can have a quiet talk?
* 「原裝」:Can you tell me the place at which we can have
a quiet talk?
「變裝」:Can you tell me the place which we can have
a quiet talk at?
「簡裝」:Can you tell me the place we can have
a quiet talk at?
Do you know the reason for which they love each other?
* 「原裝」:Do you know the reason for which they love each other?
「變裝」:Do you know the reason which they love each other for?
「簡裝」:Do you know the reason they love each other for?
The man that sold you the camera is a rogue.
This is the best logical book that I have ever read.
* 關係代名詞作賓語,可隱藏:
This is the best logical book I have ever read.
I never say such things as you say.
I do not like such a girl as you love.
This is the same watch as I lost yesterday.
﹝這手錶跟我昨天遺失的是同一類型。﹞
* This is the same watch that I lost yesterday.
﹝這就是我昨天遺失的手錶。﹞
2. 關係形容詞 Relative Adjective
有:whose
例如:
The boy whose hair is yellow is his brother.
* 說所有頭髮,hair 不加 "s";加了 "s",指兩條、三條 ……。
That is the girl whose sister is a teacher.
3. 關係副詞 Relative Adverb
有:(1) when; (2) where; (3) why。
例如:
Do you know the time when Mary will come to Hong Kong?
* 句中有顯示時間的字詞例如 "time",在形容詞從句中的 "when"
可隱藏,即:Do you know the time Mary will come to Hong Kong?
又例如:
That was the first time ( when ) I went to the Great Wall.
I do not know the place where he will go.
I do not know the reason why he did not come yesterday.
* 若先行詞是 "reason", 則 "why" 可隱藏,即:
I do not know the reason he did not come yesterday.
附錄:限制性從句與非限制性從句
據「先行詞是否被形容詞從句限制」這個標準,形容詞從句可分兩種:
(1) 限制性從句 Defining Clause:先行詞被形容詞從句限制;
(2) 非限制性從句 Non-defining Clause:先行詞不被形容詞從句
限制。
例如:
He has a brother who is a teacher.
﹝他有一個任教師的兄弟。﹞
* "who is a teacher" 是限制性從句,限制 "brother" 的範圍。
He has a brother, who is a teacher.
﹝他有一個兄弟,他是教師。﹞
* "who is a teacher" 是非限制性從句,沒有限制 "brothre" 的範圍,
只是補充說明而已。
* 要用 "," 把非限制性從句與其他部分隔開。
* 比較:第一句意味著他可能還有其他兄弟;第二句意味著他只有一個兄弟。
※ "that" 在限制性從句中,可代人或物,但在非限制性從句中,
卻不能。
例如:
He has a brother that is a teacher. ﹝正確﹞
He has a brother, that is a teacher. ﹝錯誤﹞
I returned all the books which are scientific ones to
the library.
﹝我把所有科學書都交還圖書館。﹞
I returned all the books, which are scientific ones, to
the library.
﹝我把所有書都交還圖書館,那些是科學書。﹞
* 比較:第一句意味著還了那些科學書,可能有其他書未還;
第二句意味著所有書都還了。
練習
翻譯
1. 坐在樹下的老人是一位科學家。
2. 他已失去我給他的金錢。
3. 這些是我去年所讀的書。
4. 那個頭髮是金色的男人是英國人。
5. 我騎的馬是一匹好馬。
6. 我的僕人打碎的杯是屬於李小姐的。
7. 我最喜歡的女孩是你的妹妹。
8. 我將買給你一切你所需的東西。
9. 他為什麼那樣做的理由是很明顯的。
10. 這是我去年居住的地方。
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