§ Present
Participle & Past Participle
以前提及非限制動詞有三種:
1. 不定詞 Infinitive
2. 動名詞 Gerund
3. 分詞 Participle
現在介紹第三種。
什麼是分詞 Participle?
分詞即是動詞的現在分詞或過去分詞。這類詞有動詞、形容詞以及
副詞的特性。
此外,分詞加上賓語或修飾語,構成分詞短語 Participle Phrase。
分詞有兩種:
1. Present Participle
現在分詞有不同的時態和語態。
2. Past Participle
過去分詞沒有不同時態和只有被動語態。
現以 "do" 為例表列如下:
*
|
*
|
主動語態
|
被動語態
|
present
participle
|
一般時態
|
doing
|
being
done
|
完成時態
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having
done
|
having
been done
|
past
participle
|
/
|
/
|
done
|
※ 現在分詞的一般時態所表示的動作變化,與謂語動詞所表示的
動作變化同時發生。
※ 現在分詞的完成時態所表示的動作變化,通常在謂語動詞所表
示的動作變化之前發生。
※ 過去分詞所表示的動作變化,在謂語動詞所表示的動作變化之
前發生。
例如:
Hearing the noise, the boy woke up.
The girls playing volleyball are my classmates.
Being dissatisfied, he resigned his position.
The carpenter, making a desk, is this boy's father.
I saw him holding two books in his hand yesterday.
We walked on the way feeling thirsty and eating fruit.
* "feeling thirsty" 及 "eating fruit" 是 "Pseudo Complement"。
Generally speaking, man is stronger than woman
* "Generally speaking" 作副詞。
Strictly speaking, they are different.
The questions being discussed are very important.
Being suddenly seized with an illness, he was unable
to come to deliver his lecture.
Having promised him, you should keep your word.
Having made the first point clear, the teacher explained
the second.
Having been told about the good news, she was very happy.
Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver
our letters unless we chained our dog up.
Books read in childhood seem like old friends.
Driven by hunger, he stole a piece of bread.
The old man, broken with age, hobbled along.
Deceived by his friend, he lost all hope.
※ 某些動詞﹝例如:see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel,
listen to,let, make 等﹞後面,可以用 Present Participle
作賓語補語,亦可以用 Infinitive with "to" 作賓語補語,但
兩者所表達的意思不同:前者表示動作變正在進行;後者表示動
作變化已經完成。例如:
I saw him crossing the road.﹝我看見他正在橫過馬路。﹞
I saw him cross the road.﹝我看見他已橫過馬路。﹞
練習
翻譯
1. 我看見一個小孩在河中游泳。
2. 他昨天開門看見一個女孩在街上放風箏。
3. 他低頭思故鄉。
4. 那個律師坐在房中吸煙。
5. 你曾看見一個老乞丐挨戶求乞嗎?
6. 這個獵人從樹上跌下來扯破了褲子。
7. 我叔父給我一個法國製造的手錶。
8. 這是我從圖書館借來的書。
9. 今天在學校學習的課程很有趣。
10. 約翰所寫的英文文法書銷路很廣。
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