進行式、狀態與動態動詞
Progressive, Stative, and Dynamic Verbs
動詞的進行式是指事情現在、過去或未來「正在」發生。若時間為過去,那麼進行式是指事件持續短暫的時間:"While
I was doing my homework, my brother came into my room."
過去進行式亦暗示過去的某一動作並未全部完成。 (我們可從 "I
did my homework." 和 "I was doing my homework."這兩個句子的比較窺其端倪。)
這在被動進行式結構中更加顯而易見:"He was being strangled in the
alley."
顯示動作未完成,可能是因為動作被一位見義勇為的市民所中斷,所以他才未被勒死;而簡單過去式:"He
was strangled in the alley."
則顯示動作已完成。可憐的傢伙,真是不幸! 進行式只能發生在動態動詞 (dynamic verbs) -- 亦即性質可以變化的動詞 -- 身上,而狀態動詞 (stative verbs) 則是性質不能變化的動詞。例如,我們不可以說:"He is being tall." 或 "He is resembling his mother." 或 "I am wanting spaghetti for dinner." 或 "It is belonging to me." (我們應該說: "He is tall."、 "He resembles his mother."、 "I want spaghetti for dinner." 及 "It belongs to me.") 若要瞭解動態與狀態動詞之間的差異,最佳的方法是畫一個表,將這些動詞列在上面並予以分類,然後用它們來寫一些句子,試著看看可否使用進行式。 |
動態動詞 | |||
動作動詞 I am begging you. I was learning French. They will be playing upstairs.. 與簡單式的意思幾乎完全一樣: I beg you. I learned French. They will play upstairs. |
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abandon ask beg call drink |
eat help learn listen look at |
play rain read say slice |
throw whisper work write |
過程動詞 The corn is growing rapidly. Traffic is slowing down. 與簡單現在式的意思幾乎完全一樣: The corn grows rapidly. Traffic slows down. |
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change deteriorate |
grow mature |
slow down | widen |
身體感覺動詞 "I feel bad" 和 "I am feeling bad" 的意思幾乎完全一樣。 |
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ache | feel | hurt | itch |
變動事件動詞 進行式表示事件的開始,與簡單現在式的意思不同。 "She was falling out of bed [when I caught her]" (當她正要掉到床下時,我剛好抓住她) "She falls out of bed every night." (她每晚都掉到床下) |
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arrive die |
fall land |
leave | lose |
瞬間動詞 進行式表示時間短暫且暗示動作重複。 She is hitting her brother. He is jumping around the house. |
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hit jump |
kick knock |
nod | tap |
狀態動詞 | |||
靜態的感覺和認知動詞* I detest betel nut,但不是 I am detesting betel nut. I prefer cinnamon toast,但不是 I am preferring cinnamon toast. |
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abhor adore astonish believe desire detest dislike doubt feel forgive |
guess hate hear imagine impress intend know like love mean |
mind perceive please prefer presuppose realize recall recognize regard remember |
satisfy see smell suppose taste think understand want wish |
關係動詞 I am sick,但不是 I am being sick. I own ten hectares of land,但不是 I am owning ten hectares. My brother owes me ten dollars" ,但不是 My brother is owing me ten dollars. |
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be* belong to concern consist of contain cost |
depend on deserve equal fit have include |
involve lack matter need owe own |
possess require require resemble seem sound |
* 文法專家建議,我們應以「有意志」和「無意志」性質來思考狀態與動態之間的差異。現在讓我們來看看所謂動態形容詞 (主詞補語) 和狀態形容詞 (也是主詞補語) 之間的差異: "I am silly" 或 "I am being silly" 相對於 "I am tall." 我可以作主要不要成為一個愚蠢的人,是我自己選擇了做個愚蠢的人;但我沒辦法自己選擇長得很高。因此,"tall" 具有狀態 (或靜態) 性質,所以我們不可以說 "I am being tall" ;相對地,"silly" 具有動態性質,所以與這種性質在一起的動詞可以使用進行式。 這亦可適用於動詞。Two plus two equals four 二加二等於四)。equals 是靜態或狀態詞,所以不能有進行式;我們對這種事情沒辦法作選擇,也無法行使意志。(我們不可以說 "Two plus two is equalling four.") 同樣地,名詞亦可以表現有意志和無意志的性質。是故,"She is being a good worker" (因為他選擇讓自己成為優秀的勞工 -- 這是他自己做出的決定,即意志的行使),但我們必須這麼說 "She is (不是 is being) an Olympic athlete" (因為一旦她成為選手,她就不必再行使意志使自己成為選手了)。 |