§ Adjective Clause

除了用單詞或短語來形容名詞外，還可以用從句來形容，那些從句
稱為「形容詞從句」Adjective Clause；而被形容的名詞，稱為
「先行詞」Antecedent。

例如：

  We need fearless men.﹝單詞形容 "men"﹞

  We need men without fear.﹝短語形容 "men"﹞

  We need men who are fearless. ﹝從句形容 "men"﹞

把形容詞從句附屬到主句身上的詞有三種：

  (1) 關係代名詞 Relative Pronoun
  (2) 關係形容詞 Relative Adjective
  (3) 關係副詞 Relative Adverb

1. 關係代名詞 Relative Pronoun
         
有：(1) who﹝代人﹞；(2) whom﹝代人﹞；(3) which﹝代物﹞；
    (4) that﹝代人或物﹞；(5) as﹝代人或物﹞
         
例如：
         
  The two men who are in that house are my uncles.

  * 關係代名詞 "who" 的身和數由先行詞 "men" 決定。
         
  This is the man who showed me the way.

  There is somebody who wants you on the telephone.
  ﹝有人想你接聽電話。﹞

  * 在 "there is" 結構後面的形容詞從句，當主語的 "who" 可隱藏，即：
    There is somebody wants you on the telephone. 

  The girl whom you saw is her sister-in-law.

  * 當關係代名詞在形容詞從句中作賓語時，可隱藏，即：
    The girl you saw is her sister-in-law.

  Whom do you mean? 或 Who do you mean?
         
  I know the man whom you mean. 或 
  I know the man who you mean.
  ﹝我認識你所意指的那個人。﹞

  * 可隱藏 "whom" 或 "who"，即：I know the man you mean.
         
  The woman for whom you wrote a letter yesterday is my aunt.
  ﹝你昨天替她寫信的婦人是我的伯母。﹞

  * 當關係代名詞在形容詞從句中作介詞的代名詞時，不能隱藏。
    不過，改為「變裝」後則可：
         
  「原裝」：The woman for whom you wrote a letter yesterday is my aunt.
  「變裝」：The woman whom you wrote a letter for yesterday is my aunt.
  「簡裝」：The woman you wrote a letter for yesterday is my aunt.

  The house which is for sale is at the end of the street.

  History is a very long story which is still going on.

  Do you know the time on which John went to America?

  * 「原裝」：Do you know the time on which John went to America?
    「變裝」：Do you know the time which John went to America on?
    「簡裝」：Do you know the time John went to America on?
         
  This is the book in which you can find the answer.

  * 「原裝」：This is the book in which you can find the answer.
    「變裝」：This is the book which you can find the answer in.
    「簡裝」：This is the book you can find the answer in.

  Can you tell me the place at which we can have a quiet talk?

  * 「原裝」：Can you tell me the place at which we can have 
              a quiet talk?
    「變裝」：Can you tell me the place which we can have 
              a quiet talk at?
    「簡裝」：Can you tell me the place we can have 
              a quiet talk at?

  Do you know the reason for which they love each other?

  * 「原裝」：Do you know the reason for which they love each other?
    「變裝」：Do you know the reason which they love each other for?
    「簡裝」：Do you know the reason they love each other for?

  The man that sold you the camera is a rogue.

  This is the best logical book that I have ever read.

  * 關係代名詞作賓語，可隱藏：
    This is the best logical book I have ever read.

  I never say such things as you say.

  I do not like such a girl as you love.

  This is the same watch as I lost yesterday.
  ﹝這手錶跟我昨天遺失的是同一類型。﹞

  * This is the same watch that I lost yesterday.
    ﹝這就是我昨天遺失的手錶。﹞
  
       
2. 關係形容詞 Relative Adjective
         
有：whose

例如：
         
  The boy whose hair is yellow is his brother.

  * 說所有頭髮，hair 不加 "s"；加了 "s"，指兩條、三條 ……。

  That is the girl whose sister is a teacher.

3. 關係副詞 Relative Adverb
         
有：(1) when； (2) where； (3) why。

例如：

  Do you know the time when Mary will come to Hong Kong?

  * 句中有顯示時間的字詞例如 "time"，在形容詞從句中的 "when" 
    可隱藏，即：Do you know the time Mary will come to Hong Kong? 
    又例如：
    That was the first time ( when ) I went to the Great Wall.
         
  I do not know the place where he will go.

  I do not know the reason why he did not come yesterday.

  * 若先行詞是 "reason", 則 "why" 可隱藏，即：
    I do not know the reason he did not come yesterday.

附錄：限制性從句與非限制性從句

據「先行詞是否被形容詞從句限制」這個標準，形容詞從句可分兩種：
         
(1) 限制性從句 Defining Clause：先行詞被形容詞從句限制；
(2) 非限制性從句 Non-defining Clause：先行詞不被形容詞從句
    限制。
         
例如：
         
  He has a brother who is a teacher.
  ﹝他有一個任教師的兄弟。﹞

  * "who is a teacher" 是限制性從句，限制 "brother" 的範圍。

  He has a brother, who is a teacher.
  ﹝他有一個兄弟，他是教師。﹞

  * "who is a teacher" 是非限制性從句，沒有限制 "brothre" 的範圍，
    只是補充說明而已。
  * 要用 "," 把非限制性從句與其他部分隔開。
  * 比較：第一句意味著他可能還有其他兄弟；第二句意味著他只有一個兄弟。
         
※ "that" 在限制性從句中，可代人或物，但在非限制性從句中，
   卻不能。
         
例如：
         
  He has a brother that is a teacher. ﹝正確﹞

  He has a brother, that is a teacher. ﹝錯誤﹞

  I returned all the books which are scientific ones to 
  the library.
  ﹝我把所有科學書都交還圖書館。﹞

  I returned all the books, which are scientific ones, to 
  the library.
  ﹝我把所有書都交還圖書館，那些是科學書。﹞

  * 比較：第一句意味著還了那些科學書，可能有其他書未還；
          第二句意味著所有書都還了。

練習

翻譯
         
1. 坐在樹下的老人是一位科學家。
2. 他已失去我給他的金錢。
3. 這些是我去年所讀的書。
4. 那個頭髮是金色的男人是英國人。
5. 我騎的馬是一匹好馬。
6. 我的僕人打碎的杯是屬於李小姐的。
7. 我最喜歡的女孩是你的妹妹。
8. 我將買給你一切你所需的東西。
9. 他為什麼那樣做的理由是很明顯的。
10. 這是我去年居住的地方。